Alteration in Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor- 1, and Vitamin D Levels in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

Abstract

The current study was designed to explore the association between growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vitamin D with the cause and development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Iraqi patients. The study included ninety males, separated into two categories.: Thirty controls and sixty patients (30 DR with 30 NDR). The outcomes showed that DR and NDR had higher mean HbA1c levels of 9.583 ± 0.35% and 8.713 ± 0.32%, respectively. While the vitamin D levels showed no significant difference between the three groups, IGF-1 also revealed quite notable variations. At (p<0.001) between the 2 groups. There was less IGF-1 present in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and greater within the control group. GH showed the highest level of GH in the DR compared with the control and NDR. Additionally, the results indicated that BMI did not impact HbA1c (p < 0.2620). And GH (p < 0.884), respectively, while it did influence vitamin D (p < 0.009) and IGF-1 (p < 0.016), respectively. Age had a significant impact on both IGF-1 (p < 0.016) and HbA1c (p < 0.006), respectively, while it showed no impact on vitamin D at p < 0.262 and GH at p < 0.61