Impact of hyperemesis gravidarum on hematological, renal, hepatic, and electrolyte levels in pregnant women: a comparative study

Menhal Ali  Mohammed; Mohammed salih  AL-Janaby; Riyadh  Abdulkareem; Ban Hussein  Ali; Nobogh Adel  Mansour

doi:10.24996/ijs.2026.67.11.%g

Authors

Menhal Ali Mohammed General Directorate of Education in Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq
Mohammed salih AL-Janaby Department of biotechnology, college of science, University of Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9175-1787
Riyadh Abdulkareem Chemical, Biological and Radiological Safety Security Section, University of Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq
Ban Hussein Ali Department of biology , Education collage for women , University of Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3979-1617
Nobogh Adel Mansour Department of biochemistry , college of medicine , University of Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2026.67.11.%25g

Keywords:

Hyperemesis gravidarum , complement proteins, electrolytes, liver function, kidney function

Abstract

Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a vomiting disorder that is triggered by pregnancy and results in a drastic modification of physiological and biochemical levels in pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of HG on most physiological and biochemical variables. This comparative study included Iraqi women aged between 20 and 35 years old, in the third month of pregnancy, divided into the following groups: 50 pregnant women with HG (HG group), 50 pregnant women without HG (NGH group), and 50 non-pregnant women as the control group. Hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, GOT, GPT, ALP, complement proteins (C₃ and C₄), and electrolytes (K⁺, Ca²⁺, HCO^3-, Cl^- and Na⁺) were measured and compared among the groups. The study findings showed a significant decrease in Hb level in the HG group in compared with that in the NHG and control groups (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, plasma urea and creatinine levels were higher in the HG and NHG compared to control (p < 0.05). All GOT, GPT, and ALP levels were significantly increased in the HG group compared with those in the NHG and control groups (p < 0.0001). Non-significant difference between HG group and control group in C₃ and C₄concentration. The levels of potassium, calcium, bicarbonates, chloride, and sodium significantly reduced in the HG group as compared to the NHG and control groups. The induced results explain the adverse outcome of HG on hematological, renal, hepatic, immune, and electrolyte parameters. The parameters indicate the intensity of the ill; hence, there is a dire need to diagnose HG in early gestational weeks to implement further treatment.